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<title>Container compression test</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Container compression test</span></span>

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<p>The <b>container compression test</b> measures the <a href="Compressive_strength" title="Compressive strength">compressive strength</a> of packages such as boxes, drums, and cans. It usually provides a plot of <a href="Deformation_(engineering)" title="Deformation (engineering)">deformation</a> vs compressive <a href="Force" title="Force">force</a>.

</p><p>It is commonly used to evaluate <a href="Shipping_container" title="Shipping container">shipping containers</a> made of <a href="Corrugated_fiberboard" title="Corrugated fiberboard">corrugated fiberboard</a> as well as <a href="Wooden_box" title="Wooden box">wooden boxes</a> and <a href="Crate" title="Crate">crates</a>. Industrial and consumer packages other than boxes can also be subjected to compression testing: drum, pail, bottle, tub<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> etc. Package components are also evaluated for compression resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>It is usually a laboratory test involving a special machine, a compression tester, to apply controlled compression on a test <a href="Laboratory_specimen" title="Laboratory specimen">specimen</a>. A <a href="Universal_testing_machine" title="Universal testing machine">universal testing machine</a> is sometimes configured to perform a package compression test. Compression testing can also involve a superimposed <i>dead load</i> to a test package.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Test_procedures">Test procedures</h2></div>

<p>A common method of conducting the test, as described in several published standard <a href="Test_method" title="Test method">test methods</a>, is to compress a box at a constant rate of <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">

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</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> inch per minute (13 mm/min) between two rigid platens. The platens can be fixed so that they remain parallel or one can be pivoted or "floating". The test can be conducted on empty or filled boxes, with or without a box closure. Conditioning to standard temperature and humidity is important.

</p><p>The results of the constant rate of compression test can be:

</p>

<li>The deformation at peak load</li>

<li>The load at a critical deformation (head space, etc.)</li>

<li>The ability of a container to protect the contents from compression damage</li>

<p>The dynamic loads have some relationship with expected field loads.:<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> often factors of 4 or 5 are used to estimate the allowable working load on boxes.

</p><p>A test can also be conducted with platens that are not mechanically driven but are free to move with a fixed mass (or fixed force) loaded upon them.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The results of static load testing can be:

</p>

<ul><li>The time to failure</li>

<li>The time to a critical deformation</li>

<li>The ability of a container to protect the contents from compression damage</li>

<p>As with any laboratory testing field <a href="Verification_and_Validation" class="mw-redirect" title="Verification and Validation">validation</a> is necessary to determine suitability.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Corrugated_box_testing">Corrugated box testing</h2></div>

<p>Corrugated shipping containers are exposed to compression hazards during storage and shipment. Proper compression strength is a key performance factor.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Factors_potentially_affecting_test_results">Factors potentially affecting test results</h3></div>

<ul><li>Size and construction of the specific shipping container under test<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Grade and flute structure of <a href="Corrugated_fiberboard" title="Corrugated fiberboard">corrugated fiberboard</a></li>

<li><a href="Moisture_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Moisture content">Moisture content</a> of the corrugated board (based on <a href="Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Orientation of the box during the test</li>

<li>Inner supports, if used during testing (wood, corrugated board, cushioning)</li>

<li>Contents (when box is tested with contents)</li>

<li>Box closure<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Whether the compression machine has "fixed" or "floating" (swiveled) platens.</li>

<li>Previous handling or testing of box<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Vent and <a href="Package_handle" title="Package handle">hand holes</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Estimations">Estimations</h3></div>

<p>Corrugated fiberboard can be evaluated by many material test methods including an <a href="Edge_crush_test" title="Edge crush test">Edge Crush Test</a> (ECT). There have been efforts to estimate the peak compression strength of a box (usually empty, regular singelwall slotted containers, top-to-bottom) based on various board properties. Some have involved <a href="Finite_element_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Finite element analysis">finite element analysis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the commonly referenced <a href="Empirical" class="mw-redirect" title="Empirical">empirical</a> estimations was published by <a href="Edge_crush_test" title="Edge crush test">McKee</a> in 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This used the board ECT, the MD and CD flexural stiffness, the box perimeter, and the box depth. Simplifications have used a formula involving the board ECT, the board thickness, and the box perimeter. Most estimations do not relate well to other box orientations, box styles, or to filled boxes. <a href="Physical_test" title="Physical test">Physical testing</a> of filled and closed boxes remains necessary.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calculating_compression_requirement">Calculating compression requirement</h3></div>

<p>Fiber Box Association have a method for calculating the required compression losses which includes the following factors:

</p>

<li>Moisture</li>

<li>Palletizing type</li>

<li>Pallet patterns</li>

<li>Pallet type</li>

<li>Handling</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dynamic_compression">Dynamic compression</h2></div>

<p>Containers can be subjected to compression forces that involve distribution dynamics. For example, a package may be impacted by an object being dropped onto it (vertical load) or impacted by freight sliding into it (horizontal load). Vehicle vibration can involve a stack of containers and create dynamic compression responses.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Package_testing" title="Package testing">Package testing</a> methods are available to evaluate these compression dynamics.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Corrugated_box_design" title="Corrugated box design">Corrugated box design</a></li>

<li><a href="Corrugated_fiberboard" title="Corrugated fiberboard">Corrugated fiberboard</a></li>

<li><a href="Package_testing" title="Package testing">Package testing</a></li>

<li><a href="Plane_strain_compression_test" title="Plane strain compression test">Plane strain compression test</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFVarzinskasJurgis_Kazimieras_StaniškisAlis_LebedysEdmundas_Kibirkštis2009" class="citation journal cs1">Varzinskas, Visvadas; Jurgis Kazimieras Staniškis; Alis Lebedys; Edmundas Kibirkštis; Valdas Miliūnas (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.matsc.ktu.lt/index.php/erem/article/viewArticle/42">"Life Cycle Assessment of Common Plastic Packaging for Reducing Environmental Impact and Material Consumption"</a>. <i>Environmental Research, Engineering and Management</i>. <b>50</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">57–</span>65.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFUrbanikLeeJohnson" class="citation cs2">Urbanik, T. J.; Lee, S. K; Johnson, C. G., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2006/fpl_2006_urbanik001.pdf">"Column Compression Strength of Tubular Packaging Forms Made of Paper"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Journal of Testing and Evaluation</i>, <b>34</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">31–</span>40</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBurgessSingh,_Srinagyam2005" class="citation journal cs1">Burgess, G; Singh, Srinagyam (July 2005). "Predicting Collapse Times for Corrugated Boxes Under Top Load". <i>Journal of Testing and Evaluation</i>. <b>33</b> (4).</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ASTM D4577, Standard Test Method for Compression Resistance of a container Under Constant Load</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFde_la_Fuente*2011" class="citation cs2">de la Fuente*, Javier (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.rit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1140&&context=japr&&sei-redir=1&referer=https%253A%252F%252Fscholar.google.com%252Fscholar%253Fstart%253D20%2526q%253Dcorrugated%252Bbox%252Bprototyping%252Bsoftware%2526hl%253Den%2526as_sdt%253D0%252C24#search=%22corrugated%20box%20prototyping%20software%22">"Investigation of Compression Strength of Bliss Style Corrugated Fiberboard Boxes"</a>, <i>Journal of Applied Packaging Research</i>, <b>10</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">45–</span>64<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2024</span></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMiltzRosen-Doody1981" class="citation journal cs1">Miltz, J; Rosen-Doody (February 1981). "Effect of atmospheric environment on the performance of corrugated". <i>Packaging Technology</i>: <span class="nowrap">19–</span>23.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSheehan1988" class="citation journal cs1">Sheehan, R (August 1988). "Box and Closure: Partners in Performance". <i>Journal of Packaging Technology</i>. <b>2</b> (4).</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSinghPratheepthinthong2000" class="citation journal cs1">Singh, S. P.; Pratheepthinthong (July 2000). "Loss of Compression Strength in Corrugated Shipping Containers Shipped in the Single Parcel Environment". <i>Journal of Testing and Evaluation</i>. <b>28</b> (4).</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFadiji2018" class="citation cs2">Fadiji, T (2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/58363337/AZOJETE-CIGR_19_194-201.pdf?1549687286=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DTHE_ROLE_OF_HORTICULTURAL_PACKAGE_VENT_H.pdf&Expires=1600537321&Signature=aikwpcP68LIvJexSUqyf9mWiLUgLdMWQxSEB4MPixHGmQ5sXUdLWEXVfmfKgZl62LxdAbjCnfVoXtsv5elZYS-sVEPye7hIYaAP2ttOw6-qW94zNegP1qXmsjI0Hb3iirvcz7O2dsHAscnDHusoV5-Xzy-XCM17xOjLf7c5qx2dwQauDYrEZm4CoQuFoxvmTRfT55tf0CrIIRcC~w8EmX9zY9B4OgFT1CDIlj9RSdSXsclVUqLkfCxhBT0b37oN0qypBzbQzPVN7xHVzg3LoIEl0-Lc8ukr-0sEmL-vis-zDbPW2Pv3OTKDSqIUnGBv375Xxl9LdAw1icwwa7rFpHQ__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA">"The Role of Horticultural Package Vent Hole Design on Structural Performance"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Azojete</i>, <b>14</b>: <span class="nowrap">194–</span>201<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2020</span></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2008" class="citation cs2">Singh, J (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&amp=&context=it_fac&amp=&sei-redir=1&referer=https%253A%252F%252Fscholar.google.com%252Fscholar%253Fhl%253Den%2526as_sdt%253D0%252C24%2526qsp%253D3%2526q%253Dcorrugated%252Bboxes%252Bhand%252Bholes#search=%22corrugated%20boxes%20hand%20holes%22">"The Effect of Ventilation and Hand Holes on Loss of Compression Strength in Corrugated Boxes"</a>, <i>J Applied Packaging Research</i>, <b>2</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">227–</span>238<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2018</span></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFUrbanik1981" class="citation journal cs1">Urbanik, T J (July 1981). "Effect of paperboard stress strain characteristics on strength of singlewall corrugated boxes". <i>US Forest Products Laboratory Report</i>. FPL. <b>401</b>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMcKeeGander,_Wachuta1963" class="citation journal cs1">McKee, R C; Gander, Wachuta (August 1963). "Compression strength formula for corrugated boxes". <i>Paperboard Packaging</i>. <b>48</b> (8).</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGodshall1971" class="citation journal cs1">Godshall, D (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplrp/fplrp160.pdf">"Frequency response, damping, and transmissibility of top loaded corrugated containers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>US Forest Products Laboratory Report</i>. FPL. <b>160</b><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relevant_Standards">Relevant Standards</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="ASTM" class="mw-redirect" title="ASTM">ASTM</a> Standard D642 Test Method for Determining Compressive Resistance of Shipping Containers, Components, and Unit Loads.</li>

<li><a href="ASTM" class="mw-redirect" title="ASTM">ASTM</a> Standard D4577 Test Method for Compression Resistance of a Container Under Constant Load</li>

<li><a href="ASTM" class="mw-redirect" title="ASTM">ASTM</a> Standard D7030 Test Method for Short Term Creep Performance of Corrugated Fiberboard Containers Under Constant Load Using a Compression Test Machine</li>

<li>German Standard <a href="Deutsches_Institut_f%C3%BCr_Normung" title="Deutsches Institut für Normung">DIN</a> 55440-1 Packaging Test; compression test; test with a constant conveyance-speed</li>

<li><a href="International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> 12048 Packaging—Complete, filled transport packages—Compression and stacking tests using a compression tester</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li>Soroka, W, "Fundamentals of Packaging Technology", IoPP, 2002, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-930268-25-4</bdi></li>

<li>Urbanik, T. J, and Frank, B, "Box Compression Analysis of World Wide Data", Wood and Fiber Science, 2006, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2006/fpl_2006_urbanik002.pdf">[1]</a></li>

<li>Yam, K.L., "Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology", John Wiley & Sons, 2009, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-470-08704-6</bdi></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li>Package Compression Testing <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dYGZYvspfpg">[2]</a></li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Packaging261" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

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</style><div id="Packaging261" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Packaging" title="Packaging">Packaging</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General<br>topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Active_packaging" title="Active packaging">Active packaging</a></li>

<li><a href="Child-resistant_packaging" title="Child-resistant packaging">Child-resistant packaging</a></li>

<li><a href="Contract_packager" title="Contract packager">Contract packager</a></li>

<li><a href="Edible_packaging" title="Edible packaging">Edible packaging</a></li>

<li><a href="Modified_atmosphere/modified_humidity_packaging" title="Modified atmosphere/modified humidity packaging">Modified atmosphere/modified humidity packaging</a></li>

<li><a href="Overpackaging" title="Overpackaging">Overpackaging</a></li>

<li><a href="Package_delivery" title="Package delivery">Package delivery</a></li>

<li><a href="Package_pilferage" title="Package pilferage">Package pilferage</a></li>

<li><a href="Package_testing" title="Package testing">Package testing</a></li>

<li><a href="Package_theft" title="Package theft">Package theft</a></li>

<li><a href="Packaging_engineering" title="Packaging engineering">Packaging engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Resealable_packaging" title="Resealable packaging">Resealable packaging</a></li>

<li><a href="Reusable_packaging" title="Reusable packaging">Reusable packaging</a></li>

<li><a href="Reuse_of_bottles" title="Reuse of bottles">Reuse of bottles</a></li>

<li><a href="Shelf_life" title="Shelf life">Shelf life</a></li>

<li><a href="Shelf-ready_packaging" title="Shelf-ready packaging">Shelf-ready packaging</a></li>

<li><a href="Shelf-stable_food" title="Shelf-stable food">Shelf-stable</a></li>

<li><a href="Sustainable_packaging" title="Sustainable packaging">Sustainable packaging</a></li>

<li><a href="Tamper-evident_technology" title="Tamper-evident technology">Tamper-evident</a></li>

<li><a href="Tamper_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamper resistance">Tamper resistance</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Product<br>packages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alternative_wine_closure" title="Alternative wine closure">Alternative wine closure</a></li>

<li><a href="Ammunition_box" title="Ammunition box">Ammunition box</a></li>

<li><a href="Banana_box" title="Banana box">Banana box</a></li>

<li><a href="Beer_bottle" title="Beer bottle">Beer bottle</a></li>

<li><a href="Case-ready_meat" title="Case-ready meat">Case-ready meat</a></li>

<li><a href="Coffee_bag" title="Coffee bag">Coffee bag</a></li>

<li><a href="Cosmetic_packaging" title="Cosmetic packaging">Cosmetic packaging</a></li>

<li><a href="Currency_packaging" title="Currency packaging">Currency packaging</a></li>

<li><a href="Disposable_food_packaging" title="Disposable food packaging">Disposable food packaging</a></li>

<li><a href="Drink_can" title="Drink can">Drink can</a></li>

<li><a href="Egg_carton" title="Egg carton">Egg carton</a></li>

<li><a href="Evidence_packaging" title="Evidence packaging">Evidence packaging</a></li>

<li><a href="Field_ration" title="Field ration">Field ration</a></li>

<li><a href="Flour_sack" title="Flour sack">Flour sack</a></li>

<li><a href="Foam_food_container" title="Foam food container">Foam food container</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_packaging" title="Food packaging">Food packaging</a></li>

<li><a href="Fuel_container" title="Fuel container">Fuel container</a></li>

<li><a href="Gas_cylinder" title="Gas cylinder">Gas cylinder</a></li>

<li><a href="Glass_milk_bottle" title="Glass milk bottle">Glass milk bottle</a></li>

<li><a href="Growler_(jug)" title="Growler (jug)">Growler</a></li>

<li><a href="Juicebox_(container)" class="mw-redirect" title="Juicebox (container)">Juicebox</a></li>

<li><a href="Low_plastic_water_bottle" title="Low plastic water bottle">Low plastic water bottle</a></li>

<li><a href="Luxury_packaging" title="Luxury packaging">Luxury packaging</a></li>

<li><a href="Optical_disc_packaging" title="Optical disc packaging">Optical disc packaging</a></li>

<li><a href="Oyster_pail" title="Oyster pail">Oyster pail</a></li>

<li><a href="Microwave_popcorn" title="Microwave popcorn">Popcorn bag</a></li>

<li><a href="Pharmaceutical_packaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical packaging">Pharmaceutical packaging</a></li>

<li><a href="Pizza_box" title="Pizza box">Pizza box</a></li>

<li><a href="Plastic_milk_container" title="Plastic milk container">Plastic milk container</a></li>

<li><a href="Purdue_Improved_Crop_Storage_bags" title="Purdue Improved Crop Storage bags">Purdue Improved Crop Storage bags</a></li>

<li><a href="Seasonal_packaging" title="Seasonal packaging">Seasonal packaging</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-heating_food_packaging" title="Self-heating food packaging">Self-heating food packaging</a></li>

<li><a href="Screw_cap_(wine)" title="Screw cap (wine)">Screw cap (wine)</a></li>

<li><a href="Single-serve_coffee_container" title="Single-serve coffee container">Single-serve coffee container</a></li>

<li><a href="Spray_paint" title="Spray paint">Spray paint</a></li>

<li><a href="Toothpaste_pump_dispenser" title="Toothpaste pump dispenser">Toothpaste pump dispenser</a></li>

<li><a href="Water_bottle" title="Water bottle">Water bottle</a></li>

<li><a href="Wine_bottle" title="Wine bottle">Wine bottle</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Container" title="Container">Containers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aerosol_spray_dispenser" title="Aerosol spray dispenser">Aerosol spray dispenser</a></li>

<li><a href="Aluminium_bottle" title="Aluminium bottle">Aluminium bottle</a></li>

<li><a href="Aluminum_can" title="Aluminum can">Aluminum can</a></li>

<li><a href="Ampoule" title="Ampoule">Ampoule</a></li>

<li><a href="Antistatic_bag" title="Antistatic bag">Antistatic bag</a></li>

<li><a href="Barrel" title="Barrel">Barrel</a></li>

<li><a href="Biodegradable_bag" title="Biodegradable bag">Biodegradable bag</a></li>

<li><a href="Blister_pack" title="Blister pack">Blister pack</a></li>

<li><a href="Bottle" title="Bottle">Bottle</a></li>

<li><a href="Carboy" title="Carboy">Carboy</a></li>

<li><a href="Carton" title="Carton">Carton</a></li>

<li><a href="Clamshell_(container)" title="Clamshell (container)">Clamshell</a></li>

<li><a href="Corrugated_box_design" title="Corrugated box design">Corrugated box design</a></li>

<li><a href="Crate" title="Crate">Crate</a></li>

<li><a href="Disposable_cup" title="Disposable cup">Disposable cup</a></li>

<li><a href="Endcap" title="Endcap">Endcap</a></li>

<li><a href="Envelope" title="Envelope">Envelope</a></li>

<li><a href="Euro_container" title="Euro container">Euro container</a></li>

<li><a href="Flexible_intermediate_bulk_container" title="Flexible intermediate bulk container">Flexible intermediate bulk container</a></li>

<li><a href="Flexible_tank" title="Flexible tank">Flexible tank</a></li>

<li><a href="Folding_carton" title="Folding carton">Folding carton</a></li>

<li><a href="Glass_bottle" title="Glass bottle">Glass bottle</a></li>

<li><a href="Gunny_sack" title="Gunny sack">Gunny sack</a></li>

<li><a href="Inhaler" title="Inhaler">Inhaler</a></li>

<li><a href="Insulated_shipping_container" title="Insulated shipping container">Insulated shipping container</a></li>

<li><a href="Intermediate_bulk_container" title="Intermediate bulk container">Intermediate bulk container</a></li>

<li><a href="Jerrycan" title="Jerrycan">Jerrycan</a></li>

<li><a href="Multilayered_packaging" title="Multilayered packaging">Multilayered packaging</a></li>

<li><a href="Multi-pack" title="Multi-pack">Multi-pack</a></li>

<li><a href="Packet_(container)" title="Packet (container)">Packet (container)</a></li>

<li><a href="Padded_envelope" title="Padded envelope">Padded envelope</a></li>

<li><a href="Paper_bag" title="Paper bag">Paper bag</a></li>

<li><a href="Paper_sack" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper sack">Paper sack</a></li>

<li><a href="Plastic_bag" title="Plastic bag">Plastic bag</a></li>

<li><a href="Plastic_bottle" title="Plastic bottle">Plastic bottle</a></li>

<li><a href="Retort_pouch" title="Retort pouch">Retort pouch</a></li>

<li><a href="Salvage_drum" title="Salvage drum">Salvage drum</a></li>

<li><a href="Sachet" title="Sachet">Sachet</a>

<ul><li><a href="Water_sachet" title="Water sachet">Water sachet</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Security_bag" title="Security bag">Security bag</a></li>

<li><a href="Shipping_container" title="Shipping container">Shipping container</a></li>

<li><a href="Shipping_tube" title="Shipping tube">Shipping tube</a></li>

<li><a href="Spray_bottle" title="Spray bottle">Spray bottle</a></li>

<li><a href="Squround" title="Squround">Squround</a></li>

<li><a href="Stand-up_pouch" title="Stand-up pouch">Stand-up pouch</a></li>

<li><a href="Steel_and_tin_cans" title="Steel and tin cans">Steel and tin cans</a></li>

<li><a href="Tetra_Brik" title="Tetra Brik">Tetra Brik</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermal_bag" title="Thermal bag">Thermal bag</a></li>

<li><a href="Tub_(container)" title="Tub (container)">Tub (container)</a></li>

<li><a href="Wooden_box" title="Wooden box">Wooden box</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials<br>and<br>components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Adhesive" title="Adhesive">Adhesive</a></li>

<li><a href="Aluminium_foil" title="Aluminium foil">Aluminium foil</a></li>

<li><a href="Bail_handle" title="Bail handle">Bail handle</a></li>

<li><a href="Bioplastic" title="Bioplastic">Bioplastic</a></li>

<li><a href="Biodegradable_plastic" title="Biodegradable plastic">Biodegradable plastic</a></li>

<li><a href="BoPET" title="BoPET">BoPET</a></li>

<li><a href="Bubble_wrap" title="Bubble wrap">Bubble wrap</a></li>

<li><a href="Cellophane" title="Cellophane">Cellophane</a></li>

<li><a href="Closure_(container)" title="Closure (container)">Closure</a></li>

<li><a href="Coated_paper" title="Coated paper">Coated paper</a></li>

<li><a href="Coating" title="Coating">Coating</a></li>

<li><a href="Coextrusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Coextrusion">Coextrusion</a></li>

<li><a href="Container_glass" title="Container glass">Container glass</a></li>

<li><a href="Corrugated_fiberboard" title="Corrugated fiberboard">Corrugated fiberboard</a></li>

<li><a href="Corrugated_plastic" title="Corrugated plastic">Corrugated plastic</a></li>

<li><a href="Cushioning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cushioning">Cushioning</a></li>

<li><a href="Desiccant" title="Desiccant">Desiccant</a></li>

<li><a href="Double_seam" title="Double seam">Double seam</a></li>

<li><a href="Foam_peanut" title="Foam peanut">Foam peanut</a></li>

<li><a href="Hot-melt_adhesive" title="Hot-melt adhesive">Hot-melt adhesive</a></li>

<li><a href="Humidity_indicator_card" title="Humidity indicator card">Humidity indicator card</a></li>

<li><a href="Kraft_paper" title="Kraft paper">Kraft paper</a></li>

<li><a href="Label" title="Label">Label</a></li>

<li><a href="Linear_low-density_polyethylene" title="Linear low-density polyethylene">Linear low-density polyethylene</a></li>

<li><a href="Liquid_packaging_board" title="Liquid packaging board">Liquid packaging board</a></li>

<li><a href="Living_hinge" title="Living hinge">Living hinge</a></li>

<li><a href="Low-density_polyethylene" title="Low-density polyethylene">Low-density polyethylene</a></li>

<li><a href="Meat_absorbent_pad" title="Meat absorbent pad">Meat absorbent pad</a></li>

<li><a href="Metallised_film" title="Metallised film">Metallised film</a></li>

<li><a href="Modified_atmosphere" title="Modified atmosphere">Modified atmosphere</a></li>

<li><a href="Molded_pulp" title="Molded pulp">Molded pulp</a></li>

<li><a href="Nonwoven_fabric" title="Nonwoven fabric">Nonwoven fabric</a></li>

<li><a href="Overwrap" title="Overwrap">Overwrap</a></li>

<li><a href="Oxygen_scavenger" title="Oxygen scavenger">Oxygen scavenger</a></li>

<li><a href="Package_handle" title="Package handle">Package handle</a></li>

<li><a href="Packaging_gas" title="Packaging gas">Packaging gas</a></li>

<li><a href="Pallet" title="Pallet">Pallet</a></li>

<li><a href="Paper" title="Paper">Paper</a></li>

<li><a href="Paper_pallet" title="Paper pallet">Paper pallet</a></li>

<li><a href="Paperboard" title="Paperboard">Paperboard</a></li>

<li><a href="Plastic-coated_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic-coated paper">Plastic-coated paper</a></li>

<li><a href="Plastic_film" title="Plastic film">Plastic film</a></li>

<li><a href="Plastic_pallet" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic pallet">Plastic pallet</a></li>

<li><a href="Plastic_wrap" title="Plastic wrap">Plastic wrap</a></li>

<li><a href="Polyester" title="Polyester">Polyester</a></li>

<li><a href="Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">Polyethylene</a></li>

<li><a href="Polypropylene" title="Polypropylene">Polypropylene</a></li>

<li><a href="Pressure-sensitive_tape" title="Pressure-sensitive tape">Pressure-sensitive tape</a></li>

<li><a href="Pump_dispenser" title="Pump dispenser">Pump dispenser</a></li>

<li><a href="Screw_cap" title="Screw cap">Screw cap</a></li>

<li><a href="Screw_cap_(wine)" title="Screw cap (wine)">Screw cap (wine)</a></li>

<li><a href="Security_printing" title="Security printing">Security printing</a></li>

<li><a href="Security_tape" title="Security tape">Security tape</a></li>

<li><a href="Shock_detector" title="Shock detector">Shock detector</a></li>

<li><a href="Shock_and_vibration_data_logger" title="Shock and vibration data logger">Shock and vibration data logger</a></li>

<li><a href="Shrink_wrap" title="Shrink wrap">Shrink wrap</a></li>

<li><a href="Slip_sheet" title="Slip sheet">Slip sheet</a></li>

<li><a href="Staple_(fastener)" title="Staple (fastener)">Staple (fastener)</a></li>

<li><a href="Strapping" title="Strapping">Strapping</a></li>

<li><a href="Stretch_wrap" title="Stretch wrap">Stretch wrap</a></li>

<li><a href="Susceptor" title="Susceptor">Susceptor</a></li>

<li><a href="Tamper-evident_band" title="Tamper-evident band">Tamper-evident band</a></li>

<li><a href="Temperature_data_logger" title="Temperature data logger">Temperature data logger</a></li>

<li><a href="Time_temperature_indicator" title="Time temperature indicator">Time temperature indicator</a></li>

<li><a href="Tinning" title="Tinning">Tinplate</a></li>

<li><a href="Velostat" title="Velostat">Velostat</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aseptic_processing" title="Aseptic processing">Aseptic processing</a></li>

<li><a href="Authentication" title="Authentication">Authentication</a></li>

<li><a href="Automatic_identification_and_data_capture" title="Automatic identification and data capture">Automatic identification and data capture</a></li>

<li><a href="Blow_molding" title="Blow molding">Blow molding</a></li>

<li><a href="Calender" title="Calender">Calendering</a></li>

<li><a href="Canning" title="Canning">Canning</a></li>

<li><a href="Coating" title="Coating">Coating</a></li>

<li><a href="Containerization" title="Containerization">Containerization</a></li>

<li><a href="Converter_(industry)" title="Converter (industry)">Converting</a></li>

<li><a href="Corona_treatment" title="Corona treatment">Corona treatment</a></li>

<li><a href="Curtain_coating" title="Curtain coating">Curtain coating</a></li>

<li><a href="Die_cutting_(web)" title="Die cutting (web)">Die cutting</a></li>

<li><a href="Die_forming_(plastics)" title="Die forming (plastics)">Die forming (plastics)</a></li>

<li><a href="Electronic_article_surveillance" title="Electronic article surveillance">Electronic article surveillance</a></li>

<li><a href="Extrusion" title="Extrusion">Extrusion</a></li>

<li><a href="Extrusion_coating" title="Extrusion coating">Extrusion coating</a></li>

<li><a href="Flame_treatment" title="Flame treatment">Flame treatment</a></li>

<li><a href="Glass_production" title="Glass production">Glass production</a></li>

<li><a href="Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">Graphic design</a></li>

<li><a href="Hazard_analysis_and_critical_control_points" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazard analysis and critical control points">Hazard analysis and critical control points</a></li>

<li><a href="Hermetic_seal" title="Hermetic seal">Hermetic seal</a></li>

<li><a href="Induction_sealing" title="Induction sealing">Induction sealing</a></li>

<li><a href="Injection_moulding" title="Injection moulding">Injection moulding</a></li>

<li><a href="Lamination" title="Lamination">Lamination</a></li>

<li><a href="Laser_cutting" title="Laser cutting">Laser cutting</a></li>

<li><a href="Molding_(process)" title="Molding (process)">Molding</a></li>

<li><a href="Package_tracking" title="Package tracking">Package tracking</a></li>

<li><a href="Papermaking" title="Papermaking">Papermaking</a></li>

<li><a href="Plastic_extrusion" title="Plastic extrusion">Plastic extrusion</a></li>

<li><a href="Plastic_welding" title="Plastic welding">Plastic welding</a></li>

<li><a href="Printing" title="Printing">Printing</a></li>

<li><a href="Product_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Product development">Product development</a></li>

<li><a href="Production_control" title="Production control">Production control</a></li>

<li><a href="Quality_assurance" title="Quality assurance">Quality assurance</a></li>

<li><a href="Radio-frequency_identification" title="Radio-frequency identification">Radio-frequency identification</a></li>

<li><a href="Roll_slitting" title="Roll slitting">Roll slitting</a></li>

<li><a href="Shearing_(manufacturing)" title="Shearing (manufacturing)">Shearing (manufacturing)</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermoforming" title="Thermoforming">Thermoforming</a></li>

<li><a href="Track_and_trace" title="Track and trace">Track and trace</a></li>

<li><a href="Ultrasonic_welding" title="Ultrasonic welding">Ultrasonic welding</a></li>

<li><a href="Vacuum_forming" title="Vacuum forming">Vacuum forming</a></li>

<li><a href="Vacuum_packing" title="Vacuum packing">Vacuum packaging</a></li>

<li><a href="Verification_and_validation" title="Verification and validation">Verification and validation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Machinery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Barcode_printer" title="Barcode printer">Barcode printer</a></li>

<li><a href="Barcode_reader" title="Barcode reader">Barcode reader</a></li>

<li><a href="Bottling_line" title="Bottling line">Bottling line</a></li>

<li><a href="Calender" title="Calender">Calender</a></li>

<li><a href="Can_seamer" title="Can seamer">Can seamer</a></li>

<li><a href="Cap_torque_tester" title="Cap torque tester">Cap torque tester</a></li>

<li><a href="Cartoning_machine" title="Cartoning machine">Cartoning machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Case_sealer" title="Case sealer">Case sealer</a></li>

<li><a href="Check_weigher" title="Check weigher">Check weigher</a></li>

<li><a href="Conveyor_system" title="Conveyor system">Conveyor system</a></li>

<li><a href="Extended_core_stretch_wrapper" title="Extended core stretch wrapper">Extended core stretch wrapper</a></li>

<li><a href="Filler_(packaging)" title="Filler (packaging)">Filler</a></li>

<li><a href="Heat_sealer" title="Heat sealer">Heat sealer</a></li>

<li><a href="Industrial_robot" title="Industrial robot">Industrial robot</a></li>

<li><a href="Injection_molding_machine" title="Injection molding machine">Injection molding machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Label_printer_applicator" title="Label printer applicator">Label printer applicator</a></li>

<li><a href="Lineshaft_roller_conveyor" title="Lineshaft roller conveyor">Lineshaft roller conveyor</a></li>

<li><a href="Logistics_automation" title="Logistics automation">Logistics automation</a></li>

<li><a href="Material-handling_equipment" title="Material-handling equipment">Material-handling equipment</a></li>

<li><a href="Mechanical_brake_stretch_wrapper" title="Mechanical brake stretch wrapper">Mechanical brake stretch wrapper</a></li>

<li><a href="Multihead_weigher" title="Multihead weigher">Multihead weigher</a></li>

<li><a href="Orbital_stretch_wrapper" title="Orbital stretch wrapper">Orbital stretch wrapper</a></li>

<li><a href="Packaging_machinery" title="Packaging machinery">Packaging machinery</a></li>

<li><a href="Pallet_inverter" title="Pallet inverter">Pallet inverter</a></li>

<li><a href="Palletizer" title="Palletizer">Palletizer</a></li>

<li><a href="Rotary_wheel_blow_molding_systems" title="Rotary wheel blow molding systems">Rotary wheel blow molding systems</a></li>

<li><a href="Seed-counting_machine" title="Seed-counting machine">Seed-counting machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Shrink_tunnel" title="Shrink tunnel">Shrink tunnel</a></li>

<li><a href="Staple_gun" title="Staple gun">Staple gun</a></li>

<li><a href="Tape_dispenser" title="Tape dispenser">Tape dispenser</a></li>

<li><a href="Turntable_stretch_wrapper" title="Turntable stretch wrapper">Turntable stretch wrapper</a></li>

<li><a href="Vertical_form_fill_sealing_machine" title="Vertical form fill sealing machine">Vertical form fill sealing machine</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environment,<br>post-use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Biodegradation" title="Biodegradation">Biodegradation</a></li>

<li><a href="Can_collecting" title="Can collecting">Can collecting</a></li>

<li><a href="Closed-loop_box_reuse" title="Closed-loop box reuse">Closed-loop box reuse</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Extended_producer_responsibility" title="Extended producer responsibility">Extended producer responsibility</a></li>

<li><a href="Glass_recycling" title="Glass recycling">Glass recycling</a></li>

<li><a href="Industrial_ecology" title="Industrial ecology">Industrial ecology</a></li>

<li><a href="Life-cycle_assessment" title="Life-cycle assessment">Life-cycle assessment</a></li>

<li><a href="Litter" title="Litter">Litter</a></li>

<li><a href="Packaging_waste" title="Packaging waste">Packaging waste</a></li>

<li><a href="Paper_recycling" title="Paper recycling">Paper recycling</a></li>

<li><a href="PET_bottle_recycling" title="PET bottle recycling">PET bottle recycling</a></li>

<li><a href="Plastic_recycling" title="Plastic recycling">Plastic recycling</a></li>

<li><a href="Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a></li>

<li><a href="Reusable_packaging" title="Reusable packaging">Reusable packaging</a></li>

<li><a href="Reverse_logistics" title="Reverse logistics">Reverse logistics</a></li>

<li><a href="Source_reduction" title="Source reduction">Source reduction</a></li>

<li><a href="Sustainable_packaging" title="Sustainable packaging">Sustainable packaging</a></li>

<li><a href="Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category: Packaging</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-06-09" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Container_compression_test&oldid=1294655280">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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